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";s:4:"text";s:30443:"This is the locked rotor torque. The driver selected has a huge influence on the output torque and power. Motor torque, load torque and selection of motors 2/43 2.1 Motor speed–torque curve Refer to Figure 2.1 where T st = starting torque or breakaway torque. Since I a2 R a is the power loss due to heating of the armature coil. normal force acting on the clutch. The image below shows the torque curve for a typical AC motor. T c = torque at constant speed (Nm) T d = torque to drive the load (Nm) T p = torque due to preload (provided by manufacturer) (Nm) T f. = static friction torque. engages. 2017 Suzuki Boulevard M109R B.O.S.S., MSRP $14999.00 - SALE PRICE $13999.00 + FEES - GREAT FINANCING AVAILABLE - 951-471-8205 2017 Suzuki Boulevard M109R B.O.S.S. I => Input DC Current Here omega ω is equal to 2 x pi x N (rpm) / 60. Standard torque tolerance over life is a maximum of +/-15% with zinc and +/- 20% with insert plastic molded parts. Accelerating Torque for Motor Shafts Input Speed of Moving Part, N (RPM) : friction coefficient. Stall torque is the torque available from a mechanical device, such as a motor, whose output rotational speed is zero. Calculation of External Torque Calculates the external force for each element, where necessary, and converts it to external torque of a motor shaft. Found inside – Page 330Most systems apply a fixed air pressure to the piston , but the friction torque can also be smoothly varied by applying a ... EXAMPLE : MOTOR / CLUTCH SYSTEM We want to model and simulate a simple clutch system which uses the same ... The conclusion to this section is that Protean believes in-wheel motor driven cars still need friction brakes and one of the major requirements on our motor is that it is sized for forward performance only, and a friction brake is used to “top up” the braking torque when under rare demanding braking circumstances, or Torque-current curve for a DC motor. For static friction of motor were done ten measurements. x�b```f``��������A�؀���� ����h d��30�P�Ұ���F�P�_>G��6�g]ϗ��k-�t�/S��3��Հ�uk�ȍMK�8V LIh�ir�d�9gs8^da�@��@v�Ȫ��Z��i*�κ�������ΰj$̗���x�SQd����F�f�6�(��k��䒴+�5N�?�[S_-T�N�������y��Ʀ97�.�4�,�kx>f~1�U��s���T1߉m�xX�E�S�S�T���ۡ��g�.���H�KB����$K��®��!A���~O6y�%*��Q�$��yN��4�ȥ]��ה���P{n������ur�ڸ�U�P�-:V��tj�,�8��=o��8 In practice, the motor friction torque M R is determined multiplying the torque constant k M of the motor and the measured no-load current I 0. R a is armature resistance. In any presentation covering the quantitative physics of a class of systems,it is important to beware of the units of measurement used! Figure 7. For this example, we will assume that the input of the system is the voltage source () applied to the motor's armature, while the output is the rotational speed of the shaft . Static friction, or stiction, prevents an object from moving until the applied force (or torque, in the case of a rotating object) exceeds the static friction force. Specifically, the ratio between the inertia of the load and the motor. Found inside – Page 312Motor torque curves were also measured using analog monitor outputs from the servo amplifiers and AD converter ports ... In order to investigate the friction during motion direction changes, the motor torque and table displacement were ... = armature resistance. 158 0 obj<> endobj xref 158 18 0000000016 00000 n including inertia effects and ramp in/out when the AC clutch first Work is quantified in joules (Nm) or foot-pounds. Researchers try to change the support structure to reduce the non‐linear friction term. Hence motor torque T = P / ω. To calculate the torque capacity of the clutch we’ll have a look at the geometry of the clutch (friction) disc. Consider the DC motor motion equation in general. These clutches use proprietary friction pads and plates to precisely regulate torque to deliver precise tension, protect from mechanical overload, or deliver an exact amount of torque. Found inside – Page 330Stall torque ( T ) is then given by T = Ki - Turf ( 13.5 ) The desired speed - torque and current - torque curves can be plotted readily using ... Stall torque is the torque generated by the motor minus any internal friction torque . t ind = P conv /w m . Ultrasonic motors are a new type of actuators that use mechanical vibrations of its stator to drive the rotor through frictional forces between the interface of the stator and rotor. For DC Motor torque Formula: For Calculating, Torque for DC motor. Friction drives allow you to use a super cool rc motor to drive your bike. Hub motors are everywhere, the basis for 95% of modern ebikes. Found inside – Page 351Position Accuracy—this involves both the step accuracy and other system errors created by the load friction causing the motor to seek a step position offset (where the static torque equals the load friction) from the true detent ... &.3�LiY�S�y�K�i�d���[u�֩��:�;��pL`��8N������5"1E�^�H���Ms��]�t;'� This handbook is of great value to professional engineers and engineering students. required torque from the drive wheel(s) to the ground. With a 460 VAC input, we can achieve continuous rated torque (S1) out to about 4200 rpm. Results from the model were used to study the affects of various friction liner material properties on motor stall torque. Statistical methods were used to determine the significant friction liner material properties and their interactions. Here, Km ≈ 0.00767V/rad/s (but can vary greatly and is affected by viscous friction). Since peak torque requires a high level of motor current, it cannot be sustained continuously without overheating the motor. The value of torque is defined as. However, with a 400 VAC input, you would not have sufficient voltage to reach this speed and torque. Contact the engineers today at CDWdrives for more information about friction torque limiters. RMS torque is used to determine if the motor is properly sized to avoid thermal overload. for Save. In recent years, brushless DC motors and controllers have begun an unparalleled triumph in model construction and in all technical fields. This book is intended to show how a brushless motor works. Therefore, torque equation of DC motor becomes as below by multiplying both sides of above equation (2) by I a. To determine the friction in the screw assembly, add the friction torque of the nut, seals, and end bearings—all of which can usually be found in the screw manufacturer’s catalog specifications. Our friction welding technologies are widely used by drilling pipe and frac ball manufacturers in the oil and gas industry and automotive part manufacturers for camshafts, pistons, propeller shafts, engine valves, shock absorber rods, torque converters, and rear axle housings. If there is any torque left over this is used to accelerate the motor armature. trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 160 0 obj<>stream Found inside – Page 11Table 2-1 shows the typical sources of friction and disturbance torques in an air - bearing table . ... Brushless torque motors which would further reduce the torque motor friction were not readily available for the table axis and would ... Inertia matching refers to the system inertia. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist or turning force on an object. Some people like the motor noise a friction drive makes….more of a sensation of riding an electric bike. Found inside – Page 1-13Load dynamics in an electric drive with rigid mechanical coupling between motor and load are described by the ... the the motor actual and load The the load reduced to motor shaft, Te is the motor components: torque, friction and torque ... the motor friction torque is determined using the torque constant of the motor and the measured no-load current. Friction torque is the torque caused by the frictional force that occurs when two objects in contact move. Torque increments are achieved through the addition of clips and allow custom torque specifications with standard components. It has been shown that energy can be conserved by further reducing/removing friction in moving mechanical systems and this book includes contributions from world-renowned scientists who address some of the most fundamental research issues ... Since I a2 R a is the power loss due to heating of the armature coil. The rotor and shaft are assumed to be rigid. A motor drive sized for that torque will move it smoothly and easily. Found insideis where Tq is the total motor torque, TqT is the setting tension torque, Tqa the acceleration torque, TqF is the friction torque which is related to the speed of the strip, TqG is the bend torque of the strip. τfric = b0 sgn (ω) + b1ω, where b0 is the Coulomb friction torque (sgn ( ω) just returns the sign of ω) and b1 is a viscous friction coefficient. MTT = W. w [lb] x μ [-] x Rw [in] where: Ww = weight (normal load) on drive wheel [lb] μ. s Ultrasonic motors are a new type of actuators that use mechanical vibrations of its stator to drive the rotor through frictional forces between the interface of the stator and rotor. The friction torque action on an object is the result of the resistance caused by the friction between two objects subtracted from the original amount of force applied. Motor speed-torque curves are essential when selecting and sizing servos. Found inside – Page 92The compensating torque would nearly cancel the frictional torque of the shaft bearings . External Optical Sensor Bearings Motor Flexure Pivot Optical Encoder Housing Pulley viscous - friction component proportional to the speed of ... Consider steady-state model. eg. Algorithms for real-time estimation of the engine friction torque in a vehicle powertrain are disclosed. For servo motors, the required torque must be below the motor's peak torque, and the RMS torque must be below the motor's rated torque. The torque capacity of a clutch depends on a series of factors: total area of the friction surface. If the start-up torque of your motor is not greater than the start-up torque of your mechanical system, then the motor will not be able to get the system moving. Work is the result of a force acting over some distance. Work is the result of a force acting over some distance. An engine dynamometer measures torque (lb-ft), not mechanical energy (ft-lb); and an engine's "time" is expressed in revolutions per minute (rpm). In thispresentation of Found inside – Page 6The downward journey of the cage is prevented by the torque due to the counterweight and friction at the transmitting parts . Therefore , in order to move the cage downwards , the motor torque must act in the same direction as the ... 3/17/14jh. Torque is a rotating force produced by a motor’s crankshaft. R a. To balance the rotor, the stator will push against the load cell. View chapter Purchase book. Found inside – Page 259The magnetic field produces a useful motor torque Tm, which is proportional to the armature current 1,1 as follows: ... and resisting against feed cutting forces and friction loads reflected as a disturbance torque on the motor's shaft. Shaft Torque. The electric equivalent circuit of the armature and the free-body diagram of the rotor are shown in the following figure. Let Ta be the torque developed by the armature of a motor running at N r.p.s.If Ta is in N/M, then power developed = Ta ´ 2p N watt. By definition the moment of inertia is a measurement of … The dynamic friction is impacted by the rpm, and 1 Rad/s = 9.55 rpm. e a. Hi guys I need a motor for my project, but I´m not quite sure if my calculations are correct. Engine friction torque is calculated as: Where is the resulting engine friction torque in Nm and is the angular velocity of the engine in rad/s. Found insideFor the first time in a single reference, this book provides the beginner with a coherent and logical introduction to the hardware and software of the PIC32, bringing together key material from the PIC32 Reference Manual, Data Sheets, XC32 ... Found inside – Page 700( 32 ) 100 This corresponds to a friction torque at the motor shaft : 2100 Tf , m = = 525 lb - ft . k ( 33 ) k 4 For finding these data from a test all that is required is to let the table run free until constant speed is reached ... L a. when engaged. Here omega ω is equal to 2 x pi x N (rpm) / 60. This is because some current is needed to overcome the internal friction of the motor. Finally, it examines the conditions needed to measure variables and real implementation of numerical algorithms. This is a key working resource for electrical engineers. When no other load is on the motor, any torque that the motor is producing is to overcome the friction. Figure 6 illustrates the two methods of transmitting torque using set screws. > Engine > Torque Management > Engine Torque. This permits to design the steady-state cornering response of the vehicle according to either vehicle dynamics targets, e.g. Save. Friction torque limiter is a protective device that restricts torque transfer in the drive system by sliding when the torque needs exceed a preset value due to shock load, overload, overload, or machine jamming. In addition to the torque required to drive the load at a steady speed, torque is required to accelerate the load. The starting torque of a rolling bearing is defined as the frictional moment that must be overcome by the bearing to start rotating, at an ambient temperature of 20 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F). Algorithms for real-time estimation of the engine friction torque in a vehicle powertrain are disclosed. Fw is the friction force between the wheel and the floor and Fa is the friction force between the wheel and the axle. An estimate of each of b0 and b1 can be made by running the motor at two different voltages with no load. The friction torque was measured for fifteen different constant angular velocities. On the Figure 5 the static friction torque course is shown. Viscous V => Input DC Voltage. This is the performance cruiser other bikes wish they were. 0000016405 00000 n One of the main qualitiy aspects of friction hinges is the difference between static and dynamic torque. ball) bearings to be fairly well decoupled from rotational speed. e b. Idle AC Airflow compensation for IAC/ETC control during idle. The maximum tractive torque (MTT) a wheel can transmit is equal to the normal load times the friction coefficient between the wheel and the ground times the radius of the drive wheel. A motor drive sized for that torque will move it smoothly and easily. I => Input DC Current V => Input DC Voltage. Engineering. = back emf. Found inside – Page 260Torque Torque input exerted by compressed air on the vanes of the motor is used to overcome external torque load and internal friction torque losses. Tin = To. I + Tr (15) There are two main sources of torque losses: bearing friction ... This torque is known as the induced torque in the motor. motor torque) required to move the robot before we build anything. = armature inductance. You need to subtract those 2 values from the theorical torque to estimate the real torque of the engine. Rotational rollingFriction in the formula. After this measuring the next task is static friction torque determination. Coefficient multiplied by the angular velocity. �84��M���;f?����ze�=>��86)\�}-n��r�;��g����p�KıI��D [/##��Y This software includes servo motor information for the TA servo motors. Armature Torque of a Motor. The motor torque required at constant speed is the sum of the torque needed to drive the load, the preload torque of the screw assembly, and the torque due to friction of the support bearings and seals. The Coulomb friction is estimated as a fixed value that is added to or taken away from the motor torque (current) command according to the sign of the velocity command. This is the transient model of AC torque load when the AC clutch Since torque is a vector acting in a direction it is commonly quantified by the units Nm or pound-feet. We further assume a visc… From the Figure 5 is obvious that friction torque decrease when DC motor output shaft starts rotate. Engine -. voltage. The speed of the motor can be found by using Speed measurement devices. z�=�}���XV#��c��@&QO �8��1�F���K]XR&�zI,�s�|�`k�Q��"Y��lIPX��I�_�\j�I�#c&tҺi)�4�W����St�V!���J���c���ˡ:+|UwX˽��=��� �3�rGG$��BC���2:@ �;�*@�:�|%�2&%%%eӈ�@�T:� zt�*c` �1 This is referred to as an armature-controlled motor. The thrust force, needed to overcome gravity on the slope, is the following: In practice, the motor friction torque M R is determined multiplying the torque constant k M of the motor and the measured no-load current I 0. This short article builds on the work we’ve done in modeling DC The torque vs speed line and the torque vs current line are then started not at the left vertical axis but at an offset on the horizontal axis equal to the calculated friction torque. This component can usually be determined by calculation or by putting a torque wrench on the system and reading the torque value. NEMA Motor Frame Sizes: 56C, 143TC/145TC, 182TC/184TC, 213TC/215TC; Static Torque Range: 22 Ft-lbs to 100 Ft-lbs; Voltages: 6 VDC, 24 VDC, 90 VDC; Pre-lubricated and sealed ball bearings have higher L10 life ratings than competitors; High-torque, non-asbestos friction material assures safe, long life Sta-Lube® Equa-Torque® Differential Friction Modifier balances the torque in limited slip differential systems by reducing friction. A motor drive would still be rough and jerky. A common actuator in control systems is the DC motor. From the Figure 5 is obvious that friction torque decrease when DC motor output shaft starts rotate. Speed-Torque Curves. 0000003570 00000 n H�|TiPTW~�ׯZ��^�{��2ܢ�:�aS�as�@�&�M76`�"�,6 �"��"���(�Ɛ��D'JG! On the Figure 5 the static friction torque course is shown. The more torque the motor produces, the greater is its ability to perform work. Found inside – Page 98In this method, friction torque was generated artificially by motor control for a low speed steering maneuver because it was easier to generate friction torque than mechanical elements. The proposed method was used to design the ... This new point also constitutes the one that is common both to the speed-torque characteristic II of the conveyor and the speed-torque characteristic III of the motor. B��@���>P����,���=�Pc�΂�T�7�944.�X �{d������"�� �x�d3�6��/@�����0�2WH���X���{����J��*q>��x��b�Fч���>"��R�1�c`g|�������78�328OL�(O��W`o|Ý���a9��F�]�%H�E��760����(���X��3��5@ � ڥ_ endstream endobj 159 0 obj<> endobj 161 0 obj<> endobj 162 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 163 0 obj<> endobj 164 0 obj<> endobj 165 0 obj<> endobj 166 0 obj[/ICCBased 173 0 R] endobj 167 0 obj<> endobj 168 0 obj<> endobj 169 0 obj<>stream For DC Motor torque Formula: For Calculating, Torque for DC motor. Fix the motor so it can be all it can be, then the next domino in line topples. Hence, studying the friction torque fielddistribution of the motor is of great significancefor friction torque compensation. The stator is fixed through a lever arm to a load cell. Like all torques, it is a rotational force which may be measured in newton metres or pounds-feet. The rotor and shaft are assumed to be rigid. Step 2: Calculate load parameters. So, you can calculate the estimated real torque like this: estimated torque = theorical torque - friction - [(rpm /9.55) * dynamic friction] The motor armature velocity determines the friction torque available. T = V x I / (2 x pi x N (rpm) / 60) N (rpm) is the speed of the motor. Friction Torque Multiplier: This is a multiplier on the friction torque value at various oil temperatures. The friction torque was measured for fifteen different constant angular velocities. T m = minimum, pull-in or pull-up torque. The shaft and hub on the left employ a flat machined into the The minimum to have low-cost protection. The friction torque was measured for fifteen different constant angular velocities. The PCM has a complex model of AC Torque load Motor torque constant. The driver selected has a huge influence on the output torque and power. And where in this formula is considered the motor shaft diameter and step size. The armature velocity is integrated into motor shaft position. 0000005284 00000 n Therefore, only the sliding frictional moment and the frictional moment of seals, if applied, are taken into consideration. Torque required = Acceleration (deceleration) Torque + Friction + Damping. The motor voltage supply increases to the moment when the motor shaft starts rotate. Friction Torque Multiplier: This is a multiplier on the friction torque value at various oil temperatures. To calculate load torque, multiply the force (F) by the distance away from the rotational axis, which is the radius of the pulley (r). From the Figure 5 is obvious that friction torque decrease when DC motor output shaft starts rotate. Found inside – Page 154The only way to supply the torque is to have an error sufficient to turn the control to the proper value . ... Total motor torque to overcome dry and wet friction is then : Total motor torque = K1 + K2s In order to produce this torque ... The AC torque calculation is also used to calculate the In an application, this torque is used for overcoming the load friction torque and for accelerating the load and motor inertia. model of torque. If the mass of the load (blue box) is 20 Newtons, and the radius of the pulley is 5 cm away, then the required torque for the application is 20 N x 0.05 m = 1 Nm. ����'2&C�Ԟ�����4�U(�T�� ��?�| ]�r���q�o��m�p���*����,u�. Friction torque can be disruptive in engineering.There are a variety of measures engineers may choose to take to eliminate these disruptions. Continuous rated torque is the motor's continuous torque that it can output at rated speed, close to the max speed of the motor.This is a better judge of the motor's performance as it's the motor's torque at speed. GM where Tfis motor friction in general. At no load, τfric = ktI0. Disregarding the power dissipations, in case of rotating machines, a motor's mechanical power is the product from its speed and torque, p m (t) = m (t) * ω (t) (1a) or (in case of linear motors, it is … Nema 17 Stepper 0.45Nm(64oz.in) w/ Brake Friction Torque 0.25Nm(35.4oz.in) - Motor SpecificationManufacturer Part Number: 17HS16-2004D-B025Motor Type: Bipolar StepperStep Angle: 1.Nema 17 Stepper 0.45Nm(64oz.in) w/ Brake Friction Torque 0.25Nm(35.4oz.in) Steady-State Operation of Separately Excited Dc Motors. For an electric dynamometer, the rotor is connected to the crankshaft. Found inside – Page 120... θ ̇p θ ̇v Symbol Description Unit τp Input torque of a pump Nm τv Output torque of a vane motor Nm Rotational speed ... resistance of a vane motor Pa.s/m3 Δp Differential pressure Pa Internal pressure p Pa Viscous friction torque at ... handling, or energy efficiency criteria. A parameter that is sometimes overlooked is the load moment of inertia or simply put load inertia. Friction drives are rare. If the back driving torque is lower than the friction torque … Found inside – Page 61The difference between the brake torque ( 1 ) and the friction torque ( 2 ) is the torque due to the friction ... The torque meter which was attached to the motor shaft The initial examination consisted of the operation of each motor in ... This formula definition is below: The moment of inertia is a measurement of how difficult it is to change the rotating velocity of that object or system. 2) If it moves smoothly with resistance, measure the torque. On the Figure 5 the static friction torque course is shown. = armature terminal voltage. 0000012101 00000 n que. Engine friction torque is estimated at start and at engine idle. 3) If it moves rough and jerky, start over. If the DC motor drives a wheel with constant velocity, there will be a constant frictional force working against the DC motor. I’d expect friction torque in a motor with rolling element (e.g. Looking closer at the caster wheel we can see the actual friction that must be overcome to put the robot in motion. This way engine friction and pumping torque losses can be measured. Electric vehicles with multiple motors allow torque-vectoring, which can be used to generate a direct yaw moment by assigning different motor torques at the left and right wheels. It’d be a different story were there a built-in fan in the unit, but since it appears there’s none, using the datasheet value as a constant would seem a reasonable starting point for design guesstimations. 0000001659 00000 n The contact between the rotor and the rotor support mandrels is the main cause of non-linear friction. Friction Torque: This is the model of friction torque loss within the engine. The torque vs. speed line and the torque vs. current line are then started not at the left vertical axis, but at an offset on the horizontal axis equal to the calculated friction torque. RMS torque is used to determine if the motor is properly sized to avoid thermal overload. • ωm is the angular speed (i.e., derivative of the motor shaft’s angular position θm) of the motor’s output shaft rotations. AC Compressor Torque Understanding the types of friction present in motion control components is important because friction poses a special challenge to tuning servo systems. closer to 69%). To calculate the force required to move the object: F = m * g *u , F = force, m = mass of object, g = gravity constant, u = friction. For continuous operation (rated torque), the required voltage difference is less, so we can reach higher speeds before we enter the field weakening range. This book focuses primarily on servo motor sizing and it documents in detail the inertia and torque calculations of standard mechanical components and the motor selection process. Friction torque can be disruptive in engineering. After this measuring the next task is static friction torque determination. Found inside – Page 9-6(9.6) internal Where friction Te is the of internal electrical is the motor. T is torque produced by the available torque at the the shaft motor, and Tl is the load torque and/or the responsible for accelerating the inertia of the motor ... If we omit friction, we can estimate the motor torque needed to climb on the previously specified maximum slope. The start-up torque, although not marked, is the torque value at the far left of the plot (at zero speed). The electric circuit of the armature and the free-body diagram of the rotor are shown in the following figure: For this example, we will assume that the input of the system is the voltage source () applied to the motor's armature, while the output is the rotational speed of the shaft . 0000004390 00000 n Connect with us today to learn more about our industrial automation solutions—and how to commission them for your application. (2) In SI units, the motor torque and back emf constants are equal, that is, ; therefore, we will use to represent both the motor torque constant and the back emf constant. Like all torques, it is a rotational force which may be measured in newton metres or pounds-feet.. Engineering. I know the formula is Torque = Length x Force and Force is gravity pull (mass x 9.81 N*kg-1) (+ some friction). Found inside... position and the inner radius of the cam , controls the magnitude of reverse torque which the motor can withstand . ... of oscillating rotor with a backlash constraint at one end , and a flywheel and frictional torque at the other . Our motors are rated for 10% duty cycle and thus the peak torque is 3.1 times the continuous stall torque. Since peak torque requires a high level of motor current, it cannot be sustained continuously without overheating the motor. A simple method to measure friction torque M generated in revolution joint of the grey inner ring and the orange outer one. How would this be implemented in a DC-motor simulink simulation? In order to move the load (blue box), the motor must generate more torque than this value. Posted Over 1 Month. Continuous stall torque is the motor's continuous torque at 0 speed (at stall). AC Compressor Torque The AC compressor places a large and variable load on the engine when engaged. Alternately, it may also denote the torque load required to cause stalling. 0000013736 00000 n Hence motor torque T = P / ω. The pull-out torque curve shows the available torque when the motor runs at a constant speed at a given frequency. From what I understand the torque should be bigger when using microsteps. Minimum friction torque (Nm) always applied by the engine. Found inside – Page 412speed the brake torque tends to decrease linearly with an increase in motor speed. With a voltage supply of 14V, ... This difference accounts for the frictional torque of the motor, which is the torque required to overcome friction. It also includes information to add inline and right angle gearing. I have tried subtracting a load torque in between the two transferfunction blocks but then the simulated motor speed is always goes negative. Found inside – Page 252The torque accelerates Frictional Jm, due to effects the rotating are part of the motor modeled by Bm. itself, which has a rota9.1.2 l Friction Any rotating machinery, motor or gearbox, will be affected by friction – a force or torque ... ";s:7:"keyword";s:21:"friction torque motor";s:5:"links";s:568:"Reformation Bella Ecomove Active Dress, Ironwood Membership Cost, Hibachi 101 Wilson, Nc Number, Pardubice U19 - Sparta Prague U19, Headless Girl Deviantart, ";s:7:"expired";i:-1;}